Passage Four
　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
　　The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (獲利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
　　Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
　　36. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to ________.
　　A) sports activities
　　B) places for physical exercise
　　C) recreation centers
　　D) athletic training programs（B）
　　37. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for ________.
　　A) the promotion of aerobic exercise
　　B) endurance and muscular development
　　C) the improvement of women’s figures
　　D) better performance in aerobic dancing（B）
　　38. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
　　A) Positive.
　　B) Indifferent.
　　C) Negative.
　　D) Cautious.（C）
　　39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.
　　A) how ell they could do in athletics
　　B) what their health condition was like
　　C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them
　　D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise（A）
　　40. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ________.
　　A) has become an essential part of people’s life
　　B) may well affect the health of the trainees
　　C) will attract more people in the days to come
　　D) contributes to health improvement as well（D）
　　這兩段材料主要講的是weight training對(duì)健康是否有益，從文中來(lái)看，這個(gè)詞組是指增長(zhǎng)肌肉、力量和耐力的訓(xùn)練，可以譯作健身鍛煉。
　　段講的是歷史上對(duì)健身鍛煉的認(rèn)識(shí)：對(duì)健康益處甚微。這一段首先從六七十年代的有氧操講起，稱(chēng)健身運(yùn)動(dòng)的潮流始于六七十年代，而當(dāng)時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是以有氧操為核心的（centered around aerobic exercise）。這一潮流的興起也使很多健康俱樂(lè)部收益頗豐。而后，作者開(kāi)始介紹健身鍛煉，稱(chēng)在有氧操潮流興起前就已經(jīng)存在一定數(shù)量的健身俱樂(lè)部了，不過(guò)這些俱樂(lè)部提供的主要服務(wù)是健身鍛煉，用來(lái)發(fā)展人的力量和耐力，主要吸引男性健身者（designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts）。這些俱樂(lè)部在健身潮流中并沒(méi)有獲得很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益，原因就是醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，這種身體鍛煉不會(huì)給健康帶來(lái)多少益處(weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits)。以上就是歷史上對(duì)健身鍛煉的認(rèn)識(shí)。段末，作者提到了如今在健身鍛煉俱樂(lè)部的經(jīng)營(yíng)項(xiàng)目上發(fā)生的變化：健身鍛煉重新流行起來(lái)，不僅吸引男性，也開(kāi)始吸引女性；不僅有力量和耐力訓(xùn)練，還增加了有氧操項(xiàng)目。下文開(kāi)始解釋這種變化的原因。
　　作者還是從過(guò)去講起，稱(chēng)以前的身體健康測(cè)試通常都要包括肌肉力量和耐力項(xiàng)目，原因是這些因素與體育競(jìng)技成績(jī)相關(guān)，而并沒(méi)有把它們和健康聯(lián)系起來(lái)(not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics)。這句話的意思實(shí)際上是說(shuō)那時(shí)的人們認(rèn)為肌肉力量、耐力鍛煉與健康并無(wú)太大聯(lián)系。如今有證據(jù)表明，這些力量和耐力訓(xùn)練同樣能夠給健康帶來(lái)益處(training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits)。這一觀點(diǎn)就是上文所述變化的原因。
　　36. B
　　題目問(wèn)單詞spas可能是指什么。
　　A，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
　　B，鍛煉身體的地方。
　　C，娛樂(lè)中心。
　　D，體育訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目。
　　Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (獲利) on this emerging interest in fitness，前半句意思是上百萬(wàn)人投入到有氧操運(yùn)動(dòng)中，而后是上千健康spas在全國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)展開(kāi)來(lái)，企圖在這場(chǎng)健身熱潮中獲利。句子中需要注意的是 capitalize一詞，它是獲利的意思。四個(gè)答案中，能夠獲利的只有B和C，可以首先排除A和D。那么這里到底是鍛煉身體的場(chǎng)所還是娛樂(lè)中心呢？文章的主題是健身鍛煉，而不是娛樂(lè)，因此可以排除C。本題選B。
　　37. B
　　題目問(wèn)早期的健身場(chǎng)所主要是用來(lái)……
　　A，發(fā)展有氧操。
　　B，發(fā)展耐力和肌肉。
　　C，改善女性形體。
　　D，提高有氧舞的水平。
　　注意文章中的這一句：A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities，這里的prior to是“先于……”的意思，那么主語(yǔ)指的就是“在有氧健身風(fēng)潮開(kāi)始之前就已經(jīng)存在的健身場(chǎng)所”，這也就是本題所說(shuō)的早期的健身場(chǎng)所。此后的一句their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts，這里的their指代的就是早期健身場(chǎng)所了。Not on aerobics，重點(diǎn)不在有氧操上（排除了A）；develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance，發(fā)展肌肉、力量和耐力（與B一致）。本題選B。
　　38. C
　　題目問(wèn)醫(yī)生們對(duì)weight training在促進(jìn)健康中的作用抱以何種態(tài)度。
　　A，積極的。
　　B，漠不關(guān)心的。
　　C，消極的。
　　D，謹(jǐn)慎的。
　　本題的關(guān)鍵是對(duì)These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits一句的理解。這句話由前面的主句和since引導(dǎo)的從句組成。主句的意思是“這些健身場(chǎng)所似乎沒(méi)有從這場(chǎng)追求健康的有氧操風(fēng)潮中受益”， 從句由since引出了原因：醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，健身鍛煉項(xiàng)目不會(huì)給健康帶來(lái)多少益處。Few是帶有否定意義的詞，表示很少，幾乎沒(méi)有。If any，“如果還有益處的話”，也對(duì)存在益處的疑問(wèn)。由此可見(jiàn)，醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)（也就是醫(yī)生的觀點(diǎn)）對(duì)weight training的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是非常消極的，可以選擇C。這里不應(yīng)選擇D，因?yàn)閏autious指在諸多積極因素中存在一定的消極因素，應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待，不應(yīng)過(guò)分積極。這與文意不符。
　　39. A
　　題目問(wèn)人們接受身體健康測(cè)試是為了知道……
　　A，他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力如何。
　　B，他們的健康狀況如何。
　　C，什么樣的健身中心適合自己。
　　D，他們是否適合有氧練習(xí)。
　　文章提到身體健康測(cè)試是在第二段句話，本題考查的對(duì)象就是這句話。Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics，這個(gè)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是主句+not for（原因）+but（原因）。主句陳述了多數(shù)健康測(cè)試通常包含肌肉力量和耐力項(xiàng)目這個(gè)事實(shí)，從句給出了原因——首先澄清其原因與健康無(wú)關(guān) （not health-related），而后指出主要原因（primarily because）：這些健康因素（指肌肉力量和耐力項(xiàng)目）與運(yùn)動(dòng)水平相關(guān)。
　　從這句話可以看出，人們參加健康測(cè)試與健康無(wú)關(guān)，可以排除B，而C和D都沒(méi)提到。A所說(shuō)的how well they could do in athletics與文中的performance in athletics意思是一樣的，應(yīng)該選A。
　　40. D
　　題目問(wèn)近來(lái)的研究表明，健身鍛煉……
　　A，已經(jīng)成為人們生活的必備部分。
　　B，可能給訓(xùn)練者的健康帶來(lái)好的影響。
　　C，在今天會(huì)吸引更多的人前來(lái)。
　　D，同樣會(huì)促成健康的改善。
　　注意第二段中間部分提到了in recent years，此后的部分應(yīng)該是對(duì)近來(lái)狀況的描述，答案也在這里。Evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well，句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)是Evidence has shown that（這里的evidence與題目中的study相互呼應(yīng)），關(guān)鍵看that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容。首先要看清從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)是training programs，“designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance”是對(duì)主語(yǔ)的描述，指主要為發(fā)展力量和耐力而設(shè)計(jì)的訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目；謂語(yǔ)might also offer，賓語(yǔ)是some health benefits（健康益處）。從這一句可知，近來(lái)的研究表明健身鍛煉也可以帶來(lái)健康益處，這與D的說(shuō)法一致，應(yīng)該選D。

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