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    歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2002-2004)

      Passage Four
      Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
      “Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most to attach great importance to it. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.
      Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”
      But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not shale their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.
      Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.
      Is everyone entitled to his opinion? Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.
      36. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the author?
      A) Everyone has a right to hold his own opinion.
      B) Free expression of opinions often leads to confusion.
      C) Most people tend to be careless in forming their opinions.
      D) Casual use of the word “opinion” often brings about quarrels.(A)
      37. According to the author, who of the following would be labored as intolerant?
      A) Someone who turns a deaf ear to others’ opinions.
      B) Someone who can’t put up with others’ tastes.
      C) Someone who values only their own opinions.
      D) Someone whose opinion harms other people.(B)
      38. The new Ford cars are cited as an example to show that ________.
      A) it is foolish to criticize a famous brand
      B) one should not always agree to others’ opinions
      C) personal tastes are not something to be challenged
      D) it is unwise to express one’s likes and dislikes in public(C)
      39. Considered judgment is different from personal preference in that ________.
      A) it is stated by judges in the court
      B) it reflects public like and dislikes
      C) it is a result of a lot of controversy
      D) it is based on careful thought(D)
      40. As indicated in the passage, being free to act on one’s opinion ________.
      A) means that one can ignore other people’s criticism
      B) means that one can impose his preferences on others
      C) doesn’t mean that one has the right to do things at will
      D) doesn’t mean that one has the right to charge others without evidence(C)
      這篇材料講的是“觀點”,雖然有五段之多,但主要論述的內(nèi)容實際上只有一個:觀點到底是什么。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的,開頭提出幾個觀點,如人人都有權表達自己的觀點(Everyone’s entitled to his opinion),挑戰(zhàn)別人觀點的人總是被貼上偏狹的標簽(anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant)。注意,intolerant不是無法忍受的意思,而是“不容異己、偏執(zhí)”等意思,“無法忍受的”應是intolerable。而后,作者指出這些觀點的對錯必須根據(jù)觀點的定義來判斷(depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind),從而為論述觀點的不同定義做好準備。
      第二段論述了觀點的個定義:一種個人偏好(by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste)。作者以某人對新車的評論為例,指出,挑戰(zhàn)這類觀點不但是偏狹的(intolerant),而且是愚蠢行為。
      接下來是另外一個例子,法院將其“觀點”遞交給一個爭議不休的案子(Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case)。這個例子中的觀點體現(xiàn)的不再是個人的偏好(their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes),而是對一種經(jīng)過深思熟慮之后的判斷的傳達(they stated their considered judgment)。這是觀點的第二個定義。
      這兩個定義回答了“挑戰(zhàn)別人觀點的人總是被貼上偏狹的標簽”的對錯問題。
      后,作者又論述了觀點的第三種定義。作者把上述兩種定義視為觀點的兩種極端(two extremes),而大多數(shù)觀點處于這二者之間,既不是個人偏好,也不是深思熟慮過的結(jié)論(It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment),而是融合了這兩方面的內(nèi)容。
      這一定義回應了“人人都有權表達自己的觀點”這一說法。作者在后一段指出這種說法不僅是被允許的,而且是受到保護的,只要其觀點不傷害到別人(so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others)。
      36. A
      本題問根據(jù)作者的說法,下列敘述中哪一項是正確的。
      這道題看似涉及面較廣,但依照四六級閱讀題的規(guī)律,還是應該首先從段尋找答案。
      第 一句首先指出觀點一詞在當今被人們隨意地使用著,而后是對觀點的大體定義。第三句指出如果人們不把觀點賦予太重大的意義,那么這種隨意使用的現(xiàn)象也不會引 起多少混亂。第四句話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),稱事實恰恰相反,大多數(shù)人給觀點賦予了重要的意義。而后是一些人們給觀點賦予重要意義的例子。
      A,每個人都有權持有自己的觀點。這一說法來自于I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,二者意思一樣。在后一段作者也提出持有觀點的權利是受到保障的。應該選A。
      B,觀點的自由表達經(jīng)常會導致混亂。This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most to attach great importance to it。 前一句是說如果人們不把觀點賦予太重大的意義,那么這種隨意使用的現(xiàn)象也不會引起多少混亂,等于“如果人們把觀點賦予重大意義,則隨意使用現(xiàn)象就會引起混 亂。而后一句說大多數(shù)人給觀點賦予了重要的意義,等于是說觀點的隨意使用會經(jīng)常引起混亂。不過,要注意的是文中所說的引起混亂的是對opinion一詞的隨意使用,而不是B所說的觀點的自由表達。
      C,大多數(shù)人的觀點往往并非深思熟慮而成。根據(jù)上面對B的分析可知,文中的careless指的是對觀點一詞的使用,而不是觀點的形成。
      D,對觀點一詞的隨意使用往往會引發(fā)爭吵。Fusion(混亂)并不是quarrel(吵架)。
      37. B
      這道題問的是根據(jù)作者的說法,下列哪一種人會被稱為intolerant(不容異己的)?
      A,對別人的觀點置若罔聞的人。
      B,對別人的喜好無法容忍的人。
      C,只認為自己的觀點有價值的人。
      D,自己的觀點傷害到別人的人。
      題目中的關鍵詞是intolerant和label,因為是第二題,所以應該去段后半部分(因段較長,出兩題可能性是有的)和第二段尋找這兩個關鍵詞。
      段后一句話anyone who would challengeanother’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant中出現(xiàn)了intolerant一詞,而brand的詞意和label是一樣的,由此判斷這句話可能為我們尋找答案帶來幫助。句意是:任何挑戰(zhàn)他人觀點的人都很可能被冠以intolerant。這句話說法較為空泛,暫時無法依靠這句話做出準確判斷,需要繼續(xù)搜索第二段的內(nèi)容。
      可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第二段開頭前兩句出現(xiàn)了label和intolerant,但作者使用的是疑問句,從疑問句中是無法找出答案的,需要向后看。不過后面一句給出的說法卻是一個人是否intolerant還要看觀點的定義,從這句話依然無法做出判斷。隨后作者舉出了一個例子,并做出結(jié)論:it would not only be intolerantto challenge his statement, but foolish。作者的意思是說挑戰(zhàn)這一說法(也就是they’re ugly)不僅是intolerant,甚至是愚蠢的。原因就是這種所謂的觀點僅僅是個人喜好而已,無法容忍別人的喜好偏愛,顯然是心胸狹隘的表現(xiàn)。這與B的說法一致。
      38. C
      題目問文章中的新福特車作為例子是要來表明什么問題。
      A,批評一個著名品牌是愚蠢的。
      B,一個人不應總是順從他人的觀點。
      C,不應挑戰(zhàn)個人喜好。
      D,公開表達自己的喜惡是不明智的。
      這道題的關鍵信息非常明顯,即福特汽車。在第二段描述完福特汽車的例子以后,作者做了簡短的評述:it would not only be intolerantto challenge his statement, but foolish。這里的statement指的是前文認為福特車很丑陋的一句話:they’re ugly。這句話顯然是個人喜好,評述中說挑戰(zhàn)這一statement是愚蠢的,也就是說挑戰(zhàn)個人喜好是愚蠢的。C的說法與此一致。
      39. D
      題目問Considered judgment(經(jīng)過深思熟慮后做出的判斷)與個人偏好有所不同,是因為……
      A,它是由法官在法庭宣布的。
      B,它反映了公眾喜惡。
      C,它是大量論戰(zhàn)后的結(jié)果。
      D,它基于縝密的思考。
      題目中的關鍵信息是Considered judgment,鑒于第二段在上一題已經(jīng)考查過,可以直接到第三段尋找Consideredjudgment。可以看出四個題支的說法都與第三段有關,而Considered judgment也出現(xiàn)在了后一句話中——they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived atafter thorough inquiry and deliberation。后半句實際上是judgment的非限制性定語從句,只不過省略了which和be動詞。Arrive at是作出(決定)的意思,指作出considered judgment這一判斷。After thorough inquiry anddeliberation是“經(jīng)過了周密細致的調(diào)查和研究之后”,說明judgement是經(jīng)過了周密細致的調(diào)查和研究才得出的。這一點和D的說法一致。
      A和B的說法在第三段句中都有提到,但把細致的判斷歸因于法庭和法官顯然是不對的。而controversial一詞也僅是指案子引起了大量的爭議,這些爭議和法官的判決沒有直接關系。因此AB都是錯誤的。
      從Obviously the justices did not sharetheir personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes一句可以了解到,法官們的判斷沒有受到個人喜惡的影響(did notshare their mere likes and dislikes)。C可以排除。
      40. C
      這道題問根據(jù)文中暗示,按照自己的觀點自由行事如何如何。
      A,意味著可以忽視別人的批評。
      B,意味著可以把自己的偏好強加給別人。
      C,并不意味著一個人有權隨意依照自己的意志行事。
      D,并不意味著一個人有權在毫無證據(jù)的情況下控告別人。
      題目給出的關鍵詞是act on one’s opinion,而四個選項中也顯現(xiàn)一個關鍵信息right??梢栽谖闹泻髢啥螌ふ疫@二個關鍵點。
      倒數(shù)第二段中沒有相關信息,后一段出現(xiàn)了entitled和guaranteed兩個詞,它們都與權利有關,與right相對應。而后還直接出現(xiàn)了free to act on our opinions這個關鍵信息,可以肯定答案就在本段,無須在倒數(shù)第二段上耗費過多精力。
      后一段的前兩句話一問一答,澄清了一個問題,也就是我們有權利去按照自己的觀點行事。后一句話為這一權利設置了一個條件:we do not harm others,不能傷害到別人。綜合起來的意思就是,我們實際上不能隨意按照自己的觀點行事,除非在不傷害到別人的前提下。觀察四個選項,C的說法與此為接近。
      D所說的控告在后一段沒有提到過,可以排除。
      A和D的說法都和“不能傷害到別人”這一前提相違背,也是錯誤的。

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