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    歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2002-2004)

      Passage Two
      Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
      Henry Ford, the famous U.S. inventor and car manufacturer, once said, “The business of America is business.” By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world.
      Few would argue with Ford’s statement. A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business. For example, nearly every newspaper has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. In addition, business news can appear in every other section. Most national news has an important financial aspect to it. Welfare, foreign aid, the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business. Moreover, business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places. The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.”
      The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance (大量地) because the U.S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system crates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life.
      The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business. And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor. Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages, better working conditions, and the fight to form unions. Today, many of the old labor disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many.
      26. The United States is a typical country ________.
      A) which encourages free trade at home and abroad
      B) where people’s chief concern is how to make money
      C) where all businesses are managed scientifically
      D) which normally works according to the federal budget(D)
      27. The influence of business in the U.S. is evidenced by the fact that ________.
      A) most newspapers are run by big businesses
      B) even public organizations concentrate on working for profits
      C) Americans of all professions know how to do business
      D) even arts and entertainment are regarded as business(C)
      28. According to the passage, immigrants choose to settle in the U.S., dreaming that ________.
      A) they can start profitable businesses there
      B) they can be more competitive in business
      C) they will make a fortune overnight there
      D) they will find better chances of employment(B)
      29. Henry Ford’s statement can be taken negatively because ________.
      A) working people are discouraged to fight for their fights
      B) there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists
      C) there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor
      D) public services are not run by the federal government(C)
      30. A company’s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in ________.
      A) reduction in the number of employees
      B) improvement of working conditions
      C) fewer disputes between labor and management
      D) a rise in workers’ wages(D)
      這篇材料的核心內(nèi)容是美國無處不在的商業(yè)哲學(xué)。這一哲學(xué)的創(chuàng)始者就是亨利·福特,小段引用他的話說:The business of America is business,個business應(yīng)該泛指“事情”,第二個指“商業(yè)”、“買賣”,大體句意是說美國人的生活就是商業(yè)。后面的一句也對這句名言做了解釋:美國人的生活方式搭建在商業(yè)世界的價值基礎(chǔ)之上(way of life is based on the values of the business world)。
      這句話到底因何而出呢?第二段集中筆墨對此做了詳述。作者的著眼點主要在于美國的報紙。幾乎所有報紙都一個商業(yè)板塊,里面充斥著交易、項目、財經(jīng)、管理、股價等等報道(the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily)。而大多數(shù)全國性報紙的財經(jīng)板塊對于報紙本身來說地位至關(guān)重要。商業(yè)新聞還出現(xiàn)在一些貌似不可能出現(xiàn)的地方(business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places)。藝術(shù)與娛樂世界經(jīng)常被成為娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)或是演藝商業(yè)。
      作者羅列了如此豐富的證據(jù),看來福特的名言確實無可爭辯。接下來,作者就來討論商業(yè)社會利弊了。首先是利:商業(yè)給美國帶來了繁榮(prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life)。許多人奔赴美國的重要原因之一是這里可以找到更好的工作(dream of a better job)。由于美國的經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)是由競爭驅(qū)動的,就產(chǎn)生了大量的職位需求。人們相信這一系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)造了更多的財富、職位,改善了物質(zhì)生活(this system creates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life)。
      后一段討論了商業(yè)哲學(xué)的消極影響。作者首先說明消極影響的發(fā)生條件:當(dāng)business指的是big business,而big business指的是biggest companies的時候,而這種影響發(fā)生在大公司的勞方身上。在美國歷史上,工人始終要為更高的工資、更好的工作條件和組織工會的權(quán)利而與資方斗爭(higher wages, better working conditions, and the right to form unions)?,F(xiàn)在,雖然舊有的勞資糾紛已經(jīng)消失,但勞方依然存在某方面的憂慮,比如,為節(jié)約成本、增加利潤的目的而經(jīng)常發(fā)生的裁員現(xiàn)象(laying off詞組指的是解雇),就使許多人感到不安。
      26. B
      題目問的是美國是一個什么樣的典型國家。
      A,鼓勵國內(nèi)外的自由貿(mào)易。
      B,人們關(guān)心的問題是如何賺錢。
      C,所有的公司都得到了科學(xué)地管理。
      D,依賴聯(lián)邦預(yù)算而正常運轉(zhuǎn)的國家。
      本文的段很短,出題的可能性不大,而結(jié)合題目來看,僅從段確實無法直接得出答案。本題的解答需要充分理解第二段。
      雖然段內(nèi)容較短,但其后一句話卻是第二段整段的核心。該句的意思是美國人的生活方式基于商業(yè)世界的價值。第二段從美國社會的商業(yè)新聞無孔不入現(xiàn)象出發(fā),論述了這個觀點。
      結(jié)合四個題支,可以看出本題并不是很難,因為A和C的說法在文中根本沒有出現(xiàn),可以直接排除。D中的federal budget在文中有所提及:the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business,意思是聯(lián)邦預(yù)算要受到商業(yè)的重大影響。這一句同樣是強調(diào)商業(yè)的重要性的。這樣的話,D也可以排除。
      這樣就只剩下B了。B的說法實際上是段后一句話的通俗說法,因為,美國人連自己的生活方式都是基于商業(yè)世界的價值,那么他們首先關(guān)心的確實應(yīng)該是賺錢——商業(yè)的本質(zhì)就是賺錢。第二,商業(yè)新聞無孔不入,說明人們非常關(guān)心這類新聞,否則刊登這類新聞的報紙的銷路就會受到影響。
      27. D
      題目問商業(yè)在美國的影響以哪一事實而得到證明。
      A,大多數(shù)報紙都由大公司運營。第二段以大量篇幅描述了與報紙相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,作者舉出這些報紙的例子的目的是什么呢?第二句話是一個概括句,A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business,可以看出這些報紙可以顯示出美國人對商業(yè)的想法。這和由什么公司運營沒有關(guān)系,所以A是錯誤的。
      B,即便是公共機構(gòu)也集中全力賺錢。與這句話相關(guān)的原文是:Welfare, foreign aid, the federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business,這里的welfare(福利)和foreign aid(外國援助)應(yīng)該和公共機關(guān)有關(guān),但heavily affected by business僅是說受到商業(yè)影響,這不代表就是集中精力賺取利潤。
      C,所有不同職業(yè)的美國人都知道如何做生意。文中沒有明確這一點,從常識上也可以判斷這種說法太過武斷了。
      D,即便是藝術(shù)和娛樂也被視為生意。這一說法和第二段后一句話相照應(yīng):The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.”
      28. D
      題目問移民選擇到美國定居,懷揣什么樣的夢想。
      A,他們能在美國開展有利可圖的生意。
      B,他們能在生意上更具競爭力。
      C,他們能在美國一夜暴富。
      D,他們能獲得更好的工作機會。
      第三段提到了人們來到美國定居的原因:One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job,這里講的非常明顯,原因就是想要獲得一份更好的工作,是job,而不是business(可排除A)。D的說法與此為接近。
      此句之后的兩句做了進一步的解釋,其中提到了driven by competition,B的說法應(yīng)該是源于這里的competition,不過本句意思是說競爭會促使工作機會大量出現(xiàn),和增強競爭力沒有關(guān)系。
      C的說法可能源于第三段后一句中的wealth一詞,不過理解文意后可以輕松排除該選項。
      29. C
      題目問福特的名言也可以消極地理解,是因為什么。
      A,不鼓勵工人為自己的權(quán)利而戰(zhàn)。
      B,許多產(chǎn)業(yè)被少數(shù)大資本家控制。
      C,在大公司和工人之間存在沖突關(guān)系。
      D,公告事業(yè)不由聯(lián)邦政府運營。
      福特名言的消極一面是后一段的內(nèi)容(開頭即提到The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement)。后一段先是指出進行消極理解的前提條件:business指代大公司。在這一前提下,大公司是與工人對立的(in opposition to labor),后文具體論述了二者如何對立,如工人要求提高工資待遇、資方進行裁員等等。
      和這些內(nèi)容相關(guān)的選項有A和C,其中C的說法完全符合第三段的論述。至于A,因為缺少了關(guān)鍵的前提條件——大公司,所以不能認為是正確的。
      30. A
      題目問公司壓縮成本、抬高利潤的行為有可能導(dǎo)致什么。
      A,減少員工數(shù)量。
      B,改善工作環(huán)境。
      C,減少工人和管理層直接的摩擦。
      D,提高工人工資。  
      題目里的keep expenses low and profits high一句出現(xiàn)在后一段的后一句話:Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many,可以看出keep前面有to,表明這是一個目的狀語,那么to前面的內(nèi)容就是題目所問的內(nèi)容。這道題可以歸結(jié)為是對短語the laying off的考查。Laying off的意思是“解雇”,那么the laying off of thousands of workers就是“解雇成千上萬的工人”,恰好是A所說的“減少員工數(shù)量”。
      如果不了解這個短語的含義,從downsizing這個單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)上也可以作出大致的判斷(down——向下,size——尺寸)。另外,BCD三個選項都是對工人有利的情形,必然不會引起工人的憂慮,這就和原文中的feelings of insecurity(不安全感)意思相反了。從這一點也可以排除BCD三個錯誤選項。

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