Passage 2
　　“Tear ‘em apart!” “Kill the fool!” “Murder the referee (裁判)!”
　　These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含義) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.
　　The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent “is “adversary “: “enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”
　　In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.
　　Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.
　　The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague”; “friend”; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”
　　26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?
　　A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
　　B) The words people use can influence their behavior.
　　C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
　　D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.（B）
　　27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________.
　　A) are too eager to win
　　B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended
　　C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
　　D) treat their rivals as enemies（D）
　　28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
　　A) He refused to continue the game.
　　B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
　　C) He claimed that the referee was unfair.
　　D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.（D）
　　29. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________.
　　A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
　　B) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
　　C) lie down on the ground as an act of protest
　　D) kick the ball across the court with force（A）
　　30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________.
　　A) calling on players to use clean language on the court
　　B) raising the referee’s sense of responsibility
　　C) changing the attitude of players on the sports field
　　D) regulating the relationship between players and referees（C）
　　本文討論的是語言對(duì)行動(dòng)的影響問題。開篇是三個(gè)聳人聽聞的句子：撕碎他們，宰了那個(gè)白癡，殺了裁判?？梢哉f以震撼效果吸引了讀者注意，同時(shí)也引出了語言這個(gè)論題，而這些句子本身又是常現(xiàn)于體育場(chǎng)的，這就提示了本文所討論語言的范圍。
　　第二段解釋了開篇 所舉三個(gè)句子的背后含義，即結(jié)合具體情境的話，這些話雖看似無辜（they may seem innocent enough），但實(shí)際會(huì)對(duì)行為形成影響以致使真的流血事件的發(fā)生（lead to real bloodshed）。作者隨后把這種現(xiàn)象上升到理論層次：wordshaving certainconnotationsmay cause us to react in ways quiteforeign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior，意思是具有特定含義的詞語會(huì)導(dǎo)致與常規(guī)迥異的行為。而后作者舉出了opponent這個(gè)例子，并認(rèn)為是時(shí)候把它從體育詞匯里去除的時(shí)候 了（the timehas come to delete it from sports terms），這就提示了后文的論述傾向于對(duì)opponent一詞的否定。
　　接下來的一段首先 引用字典對(duì)opponent一詞的解釋，而后對(duì)這個(gè)單詞為體育運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來的負(fù)面影響做了描述：every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable，每一行為都被認(rèn)為是正當(dāng)?shù)?。這實(shí)際上就是語言會(huì)帶來真的流血事件的根本原因所在。文章隨后舉了一個(gè)手球比賽的例子對(duì)此加以說明。
　　下一段舉例說明了上述根本原因會(huì)導(dǎo)致失常行為的發(fā)生：一個(gè)球員故意把球狠狠地砸向了非法阻擋他的對(duì)手身上，而這個(gè)對(duì)手在日常生活中還是他的朋友。
　　在闡明了語言與行為的這種關(guān)系之后，作者在后兩小段提出了自己的倡議。前一小段提出以associate替代opponent，后一段展望了associate所能帶來的實(shí)際益處。
　　26. B
　　本題問下列哪一項(xiàng)說法能表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)。
　　A，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中的侵略性行為會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。
　　B，人們說話時(shí)的用詞會(huì)影響行為。
　　C，外國運(yùn)動(dòng)員經(jīng)常在體育比賽中使用令人不快的語言。
　　D，裁判不公平的判罰會(huì)引起比賽場(chǎng)上的暴力。
　　注意本題題干的用詞：best expresses，“表達(dá)”前面有一個(gè)best，表示能表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)的是什么。也就是說四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中正確的說法可能不止一個(gè)，要在正確說法中選擇合適的一個(gè)。
　　這四個(gè)選項(xiàng) 中，A、B、D都符合文章的意思，C在文中沒有注腳，可以排除。A強(qiáng)調(diào)行為本身會(huì)帶來的后果，而本文主要在講語言與行為的關(guān)系，A的說法沒有剔除了語言， 不能完全概括作者的觀點(diǎn)。B的說法正好符合前面的分析。D只是文章舉的一個(gè)例子，就事實(shí)本身來說沒有錯(cuò)誤，但判罰與暴力的關(guān)系不是本文討論的核心。
　　27. D
　　本題問比賽中間出現(xiàn)粗魯語言是因?yàn)楸荣愓摺?
　　A，太渴望勝利了。
　　B，通常脾氣暴躁、易被激怒。
　　C，在激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中無法做到講究禮貌。
　　D，把他們的對(duì)手視為敵人。
　　文章的第三段對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員們?cè)诒荣悎?chǎng)上出現(xiàn)粗魯語言的原因做了分析。作者認(rèn)為他們把對(duì)手視為敵人（he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy），因而把比賽場(chǎng)上的粗魯語言視為是正當(dāng)?shù)模╡veryaction, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable.），這才造成出口成臟，不以為恥。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中D為符合這個(gè)意思，C似乎也有道理，但細(xì)分析可知它把說粗口的原因歸結(jié)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的激烈性，顯然不符合作者的觀點(diǎn)。
　　28. D
　　本題問那位手球選手在換手套的請(qǐng)求沒有得到允許之后做了什么。
　　A，他拒絕繼續(xù)比賽。
　　B，他憤怒地把球扔向了裁判。
　　C，他宣稱裁判不公平。
　　D，他把手套放在T恤上擦，以弄濕手套。
　　本題所說的手球隊(duì)員是作者在第三段所舉的一個(gè)例子：I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’srequest for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered thenwet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt andthen exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”這句話的大意是在一場(chǎng)手球比賽中一個(gè)球員請(qǐng)求暫停來換手套（request for a time out for a glove change），但裁判認(rèn)為手套不夠濕拒絕了他的請(qǐng)求。他便把手套在濕T恤上搓濕，并反問裁判手套夠不夠濕。顯然D的意思是對(duì)的。這里沒有提到他是否拒絕繼續(xù)比賽，可以排除A。他沒有把球扔向裁判（除非他想被當(dāng)場(chǎng)驅(qū)逐出場(chǎng)），這里不能和第四段的例子混淆（deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could）。
　　球員說的話是“這下夠濕了嗎？”，是在表明手套已經(jīng)夠濕，可以批準(zhǔn)暫停，另外還有向裁判示威的意思。Claim是公開宣稱的意思，球員的話從暗含的意思來看勉強(qiáng)有裁判不公的意思，但絕沒有公開宣稱出來。可以排除C。
　　29. A
　　題目問根據(jù)文意，運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中會(huì)如何如何。
　　A，故意把球扔向任何一個(gè)阻擋犯規(guī)的人身上。
　　B，會(huì)全場(chǎng)比賽不停地大喊大叫。
　　C，躺到地板上表示抗議。
　　D，用力將球從場(chǎng)地一邊踢向另一邊。
　　從 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)來看，題目問的是球員們?cè)诒荣悎?chǎng)上的具體反應(yīng)，而在文中具體的例子實(shí)際上只有兩個(gè)，個(gè)是第三段的搓手套的例子，第二個(gè)是第四段的故意把球扔到 對(duì)手身上的例子。而個(gè)例子在上一道題中已經(jīng)考查過了，這一道題繼續(xù)考查的可能性不大。由此判斷此題的答案只需要看第二個(gè)例子就可以了。第二個(gè)例子是故 意扔球， B、C在文中都沒有提到，可以排除，D是說把球踢走，而不是把球扔到對(duì)手身上，也不對(duì)。為了節(jié)省時(shí)間，本題可以直接選A。
　　可以再具體分析一下。其實(shí)看了A的表述多少會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些懷疑，“扔向任何一個(gè)……”會(huì)不會(huì)太了呢？第四段句話給出了答案：playershave been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering theconsequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way，這里的anyone就已經(jīng)把這種現(xiàn)象“”化了，故意扔球是這種化中的一個(gè)例子，因此可以放心選擇A。
　　30. C
　　作者希望目前發(fā)生在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中的情況通過什么方式得以改變。
　　A，號(hào)召運(yùn)動(dòng)員們?cè)诒荣悎?chǎng)上使用文明語言。
　　B，提高裁判的責(zé)任感。
　　C，改變比賽場(chǎng)上運(yùn)動(dòng)員的態(tài)度。
　　D，規(guī)范運(yùn)動(dòng)員和裁判之間的關(guān)系。
　　這道題實(shí)際上是在考查對(duì)倒數(shù)第二段中Replacing the term“opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start一句的理解。這一句之前的一句以it is time weelevated the game點(diǎn)出作者的倡導(dǎo)，也就是本題題目所說“改變目前體育場(chǎng)上的情況”。而replacing一句則給出了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一改變的途徑：以associate來替代opponent。不過觀察四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，卻沒有與這個(gè)說法直接相關(guān)的說法。這就需要觀察上下文來判斷這兩個(gè)單詞代表了什么。
　　首先可以判斷的是無論是associate還是opponent都是針對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員來說的，與裁判無關(guān)，所以可以排除B和D。這樣就剩下A和C，那么到底是規(guī)范語言還是改變態(tài)度呢？文中分別給出了這兩個(gè)詞的字典解釋，opponent為“對(duì)手”、“敵人”，associate為“同事”、“朋友”“同伴”，那么從敵人變?yōu)榕笥褢?yīng)該更接近于態(tài)度上的轉(zhuǎn)變，而不能用文明用語來解釋，“文明用語”本身僅僅屬于“朋友”的諸多表現(xiàn)之一。另外，倒數(shù)第三段在分析暴力行為時(shí)也指出這是一種態(tài)度問題：It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs fromnormal behavior。所以本題應(yīng)該選擇C。

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