歷年英語四級閱讀真題全解析(2004-2006)
- 第1頁:2004.6-Passage Two
- 第2頁:2004.6-Passage Three
- 第3頁:2004.6-PassageFour
- 第4頁:2005.1-Passage One
- 第5頁:2005.1-Passage Two
- 第6頁:2005.1-Passage Three
- 第7頁:2005.1-Passage Four
- 第8頁:2005.6-Passage 1
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困擾) you—appears to be the key to the finding.
Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接觸) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.
People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脫口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.
注意:此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。
57. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.
A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media(D)
58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations(A)
59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.(A)
60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.
A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively(B)
61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company(C)
這是一篇講述交流途徑與說謊頻度的關系的文章。全文共6小段。段一共三句話,這三句話對全文內(nèi)容進行了精煉的介紹。前兩句指明有關研究(honesty across a range of communication media,交流媒介不同,誠實程度也不同)的成果:電話交流的說謊頻度是電子郵件交流的二倍。后一句指出了原因:電子郵件可被自動記錄,并可以回查。文章隨后的5段均是對有關研究的具體情形和現(xiàn)象背后的原因的詳述。
第二段介紹了有關研究的詳情:研究者(Jeff Hancock),實驗內(nèi)容(30 students to keep a communications diary for a week),和實驗結果(各種媒介的說謊率為14%——37%)。
第三段指出這個結果十分出人意料(surprised psychologists),為下文進一步說明出現(xiàn)這種結果的原因做好了鋪墊。
隨后的第四、五段說明了原因,一個是對話可否被記錄和再查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),一個是對話是否為實時交流(whether it occurs in real time)。
后一段指出這一研究成果的用途(elp companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate)。
這種在開頭先將核心內(nèi)容和盤托出、隨后進行詳述的寫法是典型的金字塔式寫法,在歐美報紙上慣常出現(xiàn),原因是人們?yōu)g覽報紙的時間有限,一篇報道必須在開頭就將文章大意向讀者說明,否則行文拖沓,很可能會被讀者拋之一旁。
57. D
題目問Hancock的研究集中于什么。文章段里講到有項研究致力于比較不同交流媒介下人們的誠實度問題(The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media),之后的第二段具體說明了這項研究的細節(jié),該研究的發(fā)起人即Jeff Hancock。這樣的話,Hancock的研究內(nèi)容就是to compare honesty across a range of communication media。
A,在不同交流媒介中說謊的后果。Consequences是后果的意思,暗含的意思是在各個媒介中說謊會得到不同的懲罰。而文中研究的是指結果,相應的英文單詞是results,這是區(qū)別所在。
B,交流技術在傳達思想上的成功。文章沒有討論交流技術的成功問題。
C,人們更少地在即時信息中說謊。這只是研究的結果之一。
D,在不同交流媒介下人們的誠實度。符合上面的分析。
58. A
題目問Hancock的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使一些人感到吃驚,那些人認為……
該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使心理學家們感到吃驚的描述出現(xiàn)在第三段:His results……h(huán)ave surprised psychologists。在這句話之后,作者用Some expected……others expected的句式敘述了這些人原來的兩種看法,一是emailers to be the biggest liars,在電子郵件中說謊多,二是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,面對面交流中說謊更多。
A,人們在即時信息中說謊更少。文中給出的兩種人的看法一種是電子郵件中說謊多,另一種認為面對面交流說謊多,無論這二者中哪一看法都把即時信息看做說謊相對較少的交流媒介,因此A是對的。
B,人們不太可能在面對面交流中說謊。lie more in face-to-face exchanges這句話已經(jīng)指出,心理學家們認為面對面交流更有可能性,因此B的說法不對。
C,人們可能在電子郵件中說謊。與emailers to be the biggest liars的意思一致,但這只是some的看法,還有others的看法是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,而題目問的是those認為什么,這里的those應該是指some和others都包括在內(nèi)的心理學家。因此C 的說法是片面的。
D,人們有二倍的的可能性在電話中說謊。這是段中所述的Hancock的研究結果之一,而不是心理學家們原來的看法。
59. A
題目問根據(jù)文意,為什么人們通過某些交流媒介會更可能說真話。
文章分析研究結果的原因是在第四和第五段,兩段分別指出兩種原因,一個是對話可否被記錄和再查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),所說的話被記錄的話,人們擔心自己的謊話以后會成為把柄,因此更愿意講真話;一個是對話是否為實時交流(whether it occurs in real time),在實時交流時沒有過多思考的時間,一些謊話就脫口而出了(many lies are spontaneous)。
A,他們擔心留下謊話的記錄。
B,他們認為誠實是的策略。
C,他們在使用這類媒介時容易放松。
D,他們在使用這類媒介時為老練。
A符合上面的分析,B和C在文中從來沒有提過,D的說法出現(xiàn)在第三段:Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication,意思是另一些人認為面對面交流中撒謊更多是因為人們使用這種媒介為熟練。首先這種看法是那些心理學家的看法,其本身是錯誤的。其次這句話講的是說謊的原因,而題目問的則是說真話的原因。
60. B
題目問據(jù)Hancock的看法,在做銷售推廣時,電話應是一種更受青睞的媒介,原因是什么。
在文章后一段,Hancock提出他的研究成果可以應用于公司員工的交流(help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate),而后具體舉了兩個例子,個例子說的就是做銷售時使用電話,原因是employees are encouraged to stretch the truth。Be encouraged to do是“更敢于做某事”的意思。更敢于做的事是stretch the truth,stretch是伸展、拉長,truth是真相、真實情況,那么把真實情況拉長、擴展就是夸大其實的意思。所以原因應該就是銷售員使用電話進行銷售時更有勇氣言過其實,過于夸大自己產(chǎn)品的好處。
A,銷售員能夠與客戶直接對話。
B,銷售員可感覺更敢于夸大其詞。
C,銷售員能夠給客戶一個值得信賴的印象。
D,銷售員更能有效的傳遞即時信息。
可以看出B的說法符合文意。
61. C
題目問從文章中可以推理出什么。這種題需要結合答案一項項排除。
A,在人際交流中應該鼓勵誠實。從全文來看,文章論述的是不同媒介與誠實度的關系,而對是否應該誠實這種道德判斷問題,作者沒有涉及。從后一段來看,作者鼓勵在銷售時使用電話以便更能夸大其詞,由此可以看出作者是不看中誠實與否的問題的。
B, 更多雇主會使用電子郵件與員工交流。后一段Hancock舉的第二個例子是鼓勵人們使用電子郵件的:work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email。意思是在做工作評估時采用電子郵件。但這一建議不是要求雇主們使用電子郵件,而是要求雇員們使用。原因在于后一段句話已經(jīng)給后面的兩個例子做了限定:Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate,從for their employees to communicate這句話可以看出,他的建議是針對employees(雇員)的。因此B的說法不對。
C,應針對不同的交流目的,采取合適的媒介。文章后舉了情況不同的兩個例子,每個例子適宜使用的媒介也不同。這說明在特定情況下,應選用特定的交流媒介,與C的說法一致。
D,電子郵件目前是公司內(nèi)主要交流媒介。文中沒有提到這一點。
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困擾) you—appears to be the key to the finding.
Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接觸) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.
People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脫口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.
注意:此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。
57. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.
A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media(D)
58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations(A)
59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.(A)
60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.
A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively(B)
61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company(C)
這是一篇講述交流途徑與說謊頻度的關系的文章。全文共6小段。段一共三句話,這三句話對全文內(nèi)容進行了精煉的介紹。前兩句指明有關研究(honesty across a range of communication media,交流媒介不同,誠實程度也不同)的成果:電話交流的說謊頻度是電子郵件交流的二倍。后一句指出了原因:電子郵件可被自動記錄,并可以回查。文章隨后的5段均是對有關研究的具體情形和現(xiàn)象背后的原因的詳述。
第二段介紹了有關研究的詳情:研究者(Jeff Hancock),實驗內(nèi)容(30 students to keep a communications diary for a week),和實驗結果(各種媒介的說謊率為14%——37%)。
第三段指出這個結果十分出人意料(surprised psychologists),為下文進一步說明出現(xiàn)這種結果的原因做好了鋪墊。
隨后的第四、五段說明了原因,一個是對話可否被記錄和再查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),一個是對話是否為實時交流(whether it occurs in real time)。
后一段指出這一研究成果的用途(elp companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate)。
這種在開頭先將核心內(nèi)容和盤托出、隨后進行詳述的寫法是典型的金字塔式寫法,在歐美報紙上慣常出現(xiàn),原因是人們?yōu)g覽報紙的時間有限,一篇報道必須在開頭就將文章大意向讀者說明,否則行文拖沓,很可能會被讀者拋之一旁。
57. D
題目問Hancock的研究集中于什么。文章段里講到有項研究致力于比較不同交流媒介下人們的誠實度問題(The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media),之后的第二段具體說明了這項研究的細節(jié),該研究的發(fā)起人即Jeff Hancock。這樣的話,Hancock的研究內(nèi)容就是to compare honesty across a range of communication media。
A,在不同交流媒介中說謊的后果。Consequences是后果的意思,暗含的意思是在各個媒介中說謊會得到不同的懲罰。而文中研究的是指結果,相應的英文單詞是results,這是區(qū)別所在。
B,交流技術在傳達思想上的成功。文章沒有討論交流技術的成功問題。
C,人們更少地在即時信息中說謊。這只是研究的結果之一。
D,在不同交流媒介下人們的誠實度。符合上面的分析。
58. A
題目問Hancock的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使一些人感到吃驚,那些人認為……
該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使心理學家們感到吃驚的描述出現(xiàn)在第三段:His results……h(huán)ave surprised psychologists。在這句話之后,作者用Some expected……others expected的句式敘述了這些人原來的兩種看法,一是emailers to be the biggest liars,在電子郵件中說謊多,二是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,面對面交流中說謊更多。
A,人們在即時信息中說謊更少。文中給出的兩種人的看法一種是電子郵件中說謊多,另一種認為面對面交流說謊多,無論這二者中哪一看法都把即時信息看做說謊相對較少的交流媒介,因此A是對的。
B,人們不太可能在面對面交流中說謊。lie more in face-to-face exchanges這句話已經(jīng)指出,心理學家們認為面對面交流更有可能性,因此B的說法不對。
C,人們可能在電子郵件中說謊。與emailers to be the biggest liars的意思一致,但這只是some的看法,還有others的看法是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,而題目問的是those認為什么,這里的those應該是指some和others都包括在內(nèi)的心理學家。因此C 的說法是片面的。
D,人們有二倍的的可能性在電話中說謊。這是段中所述的Hancock的研究結果之一,而不是心理學家們原來的看法。
59. A
題目問根據(jù)文意,為什么人們通過某些交流媒介會更可能說真話。
文章分析研究結果的原因是在第四和第五段,兩段分別指出兩種原因,一個是對話可否被記錄和再查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),所說的話被記錄的話,人們擔心自己的謊話以后會成為把柄,因此更愿意講真話;一個是對話是否為實時交流(whether it occurs in real time),在實時交流時沒有過多思考的時間,一些謊話就脫口而出了(many lies are spontaneous)。
A,他們擔心留下謊話的記錄。
B,他們認為誠實是的策略。
C,他們在使用這類媒介時容易放松。
D,他們在使用這類媒介時為老練。
A符合上面的分析,B和C在文中從來沒有提過,D的說法出現(xiàn)在第三段:Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication,意思是另一些人認為面對面交流中撒謊更多是因為人們使用這種媒介為熟練。首先這種看法是那些心理學家的看法,其本身是錯誤的。其次這句話講的是說謊的原因,而題目問的則是說真話的原因。
60. B
題目問據(jù)Hancock的看法,在做銷售推廣時,電話應是一種更受青睞的媒介,原因是什么。
在文章后一段,Hancock提出他的研究成果可以應用于公司員工的交流(help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate),而后具體舉了兩個例子,個例子說的就是做銷售時使用電話,原因是employees are encouraged to stretch the truth。Be encouraged to do是“更敢于做某事”的意思。更敢于做的事是stretch the truth,stretch是伸展、拉長,truth是真相、真實情況,那么把真實情況拉長、擴展就是夸大其實的意思。所以原因應該就是銷售員使用電話進行銷售時更有勇氣言過其實,過于夸大自己產(chǎn)品的好處。
A,銷售員能夠與客戶直接對話。
B,銷售員可感覺更敢于夸大其詞。
C,銷售員能夠給客戶一個值得信賴的印象。
D,銷售員更能有效的傳遞即時信息。
可以看出B的說法符合文意。
61. C
題目問從文章中可以推理出什么。這種題需要結合答案一項項排除。
A,在人際交流中應該鼓勵誠實。從全文來看,文章論述的是不同媒介與誠實度的關系,而對是否應該誠實這種道德判斷問題,作者沒有涉及。從后一段來看,作者鼓勵在銷售時使用電話以便更能夸大其詞,由此可以看出作者是不看中誠實與否的問題的。
B, 更多雇主會使用電子郵件與員工交流。后一段Hancock舉的第二個例子是鼓勵人們使用電子郵件的:work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email。意思是在做工作評估時采用電子郵件。但這一建議不是要求雇主們使用電子郵件,而是要求雇員們使用。原因在于后一段句話已經(jīng)給后面的兩個例子做了限定:Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate,從for their employees to communicate這句話可以看出,他的建議是針對employees(雇員)的。因此B的說法不對。
C,應針對不同的交流目的,采取合適的媒介。文章后舉了情況不同的兩個例子,每個例子適宜使用的媒介也不同。這說明在特定情況下,應選用特定的交流媒介,與C的說法一致。
D,電子郵件目前是公司內(nèi)主要交流媒介。文中沒有提到這一點。
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