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The place of the child in society has varied for thousands of years and has been affected by different cultures and religions. In ancient times unwanted children were occasionally abandoned, put to death, exploited, or offered for religious sacrifices, and in any event a large percentage of them didn't survive their physically hazardous existence to achieve maturity.

In Western civilization within the last few hundred years, there have been many changes in attitude toward the young. In agricultural Europe, and late with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the children of the poor worked long hours for little or no pay, and there was no public concern for their safety or welfare. Punishment could be cruel and severe, and sometimes religious passions were expressed violently with a view toward saving the child’s soul.

By the eighteenth century the harsh, deterministic, doctrinal(教條的)methods began to show some change. Society slowly accorded children a role of importance. Books were written expressly for them and gradually laws were passed for their protection.

In the past few decades parents have become more attentive to the needs of their children. Better health care is available and education is no longer reserved for a limited few. With so many now able to go to college, many educators feel that we have too many students and too few competent scholars. Some say the pendulum(鐘擺)in child rearing has swung so far toward permissiveness that many children are growing up alienated(離間)from society and with no respect for law or parental authority.

The tendency today is for teachers and parents to emphasize individual responsibility and to stress that educational goals for students should be tailored to their chosen vocations rather than provide a generalized higher education.

21.What does the article say about children?

A. they have always been the hope of mankind.

B. In certain periods of history no one cared about them.

C. In the mid-eighteenth century western attitudes toward children began to change.

D. There were laws barring child labor during the industrial revolution.

答案：C

解析：答案C。從第三段句可知C項(xiàng)說(shuō)法正確。從第二段可知工業(yè)革命期間，貧窮的孩子無(wú)償?shù)毓ぷ骱荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間，沒(méi)有人關(guān)心他們的安全或福利?？梢?jiàn)D項(xiàng)(工業(yè)革命期間有法律禁止兒童勞動(dòng))不對(duì)。A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)文章未直接提到，并且內(nèi)容不對(duì)。因此C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

22. What does the article say about children in ancient times?

A. They were often cruelly beaten.

B. At times they were used as sacrificial offerings.

C. People who didn’t want children usually murdered them.

D. Though they were abused of neglected by their parents, children survived to adulthood with little difficulty.

答案：B

解析：答案B。從段第二句可知D項(xiàng)說(shuō)法不對(duì)，B項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到，因此B項(xiàng)為正確答案。

23. What changes have occurred in the past few decades with regard to the child's place in society?

A. Child raising has become more permissive.

B. Public health care has improved so much that children now need no particular health care.

C. Children are becoming more intelligent.

D. Children are becoming more respectful toward their parents.

答案：A

解析：答案A。第四段第二句只是說(shuō)Better health care is available，故B項(xiàng)不對(duì)。C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)文章未提到。從第四段后一句可知A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

24. What is the present trend in child discipline and education?

A. Giving as many young people as possible a popular generalized college education.

B. Creating more regimentation of the individual.

C. Teaching children to conform to rigorous rules.

D. Emphasizing individual responsibility.

答案：D

解析：答案D。后一段指出，對(duì)于老師和父母來(lái)說(shuō)，目前的趨勢(shì)是強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人責(zé)任感，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)學(xué)生的教育應(yīng)服務(wù)于他們選擇的職業(yè)，而不是為了提供一般化的高等教育。可見(jiàn)，A項(xiàng)說(shuō)法完全相反。B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)未提到，因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

25.Which of the pollowing is implied but not directly stated in the passage?

A. Methods used to treat children in the past were worse than those at present.

B. There are laws passed for protection of children.

C. Parents pay more attention to the needs of their children.

D. Many books have been written for children.

答案：A

解析：答案A。文章主要描述了孩子地位的變化，從對(duì)五個(gè)時(shí)期的描述可推斷出孩子越來(lái)越受重視。可見(jiàn)A項(xiàng)(過(guò)去對(duì)待孩子的方法不如現(xiàn)在)說(shuō)法正確。B項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)說(shuō)法雖然正確，但都是文章直接陳述的。因此A項(xiàng)為此題答案。

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